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Resources:
https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/GoodBadISPsWhat Is Tor And How Does It Work?
Tor is a network that permits its users to surf the surface web as well as the deep web and dark web anonymously. It hosts .onion websites the real locations of which are hidden. The network is composed of thousands of relays in a series that are run by the volunteers.
The term “TOR” stands for The Onion Router that describes how the traffic is sent over the network. When the unencrypted data travels over the internet, the destination and origin of that data can be traced easily. But with Tor, anonymity is maintained through data encryption occurring in layers resembling an onion. The information is randomly sent via a series of relays, and in each relay, a layer is decrypted. When the final relay is reached, the last layer of encryption is removed, which turns the data into plaintext.
This is the point when anyone observing the data can see it. The encryption layers and the randomized path through the relays restrict the interceptors from knowing its origin. This is the process of providing anonymity by the Tor network.
That being said, Tor is not perfect as the feds or the law enforcement officials have been continuously attempting to deanonymize its users. In most of the cases, the users of Tor have been arrested for taking part in illegal activities as the users made errors that they were not supposed to do.
The Tor hosting onion services or tor server hosting play a crucial role for the .onion websites as it provides you with ample opportunity to run your own website on Tor. That being said, the dark web hosting services are mostly preferred for the dark web websites on the Tor network. Tor website hosting is as important as hosting a website on the surface web.
How To Download And Install Tor
Downloading and installing TOR is relatively easy if you must know. There are a couple of short and easy steps to do so, and we have mentioned everything step by step below:
- Visit Tor’s official website via any of the surface web browsers.
- Click on the purple colored “Download Tor” button.
- You will be redirected to another page. Select the Download option that fits your Operating System.
Note: You must download Tor from the link mentioned above as various fake websites offer the download of Tor, and the download package may contain malware. - After the .exe file or the Setup file gets downloaded, you have to open it.
- Select the language from the list of languages displayed on the installer and click OK.
- Next, the installation location will be asked. You may stick to the default folder (the C drive) or browse through the list to select an appropriate folder on your system.
- Click “Install”.
- Wait till the “Tor Browser” gets installed. Click “Finish”. The Tor browser is then launched.
- A dialog box opens with two options “Connect” and “Configure”. Choose Connect to open the Tor for utilization or choose “Configure” to set up a bridge enabling you to hide from people that you are using the Tor browser.
Setting Up A Tor Hidden Service
Tor hidden services can be set up in various ways depending on what OS you are using and what server you chose. In this segment, we will describe step by step how you can set up Tor hidden hosting services on an Nginx server using Unix or Linux.
Set Up The Nginx Server
Checking For Installation
The very first step is to check whether you have already installed Nginx on your system. To do so below are the steps:
- Type nginx into the terminal.
- Head to localhost:8080 in your preferred browser.
Installation
If you do not have it installed, do the following steps:
- Install it using brew install nginx on macOS or
- Head to sudo apt-get install nginx on your WSL or Linux distro using the Debian packages.
Run
- Run it using the nginx
- Head to localhost:8080 in your preferred browser.
To check if the nginx server has been installed successfully, open it as mentioned earlier and you will see something like this:
Configure The Nginx Server’s Config File (Optional)
This step is needed if you are already hosting providers for Tor on the localhost:8080 and choose not to set up Nginx on that port. In this situation, you will have to alter the Nginx config file.
[email protected] ~ % cd /usr/local/etc/nginx
[email protected] ~ % vim nginx.conf
| server { listen 8000; listen somename:8080; server_name somename alias another.alias; location / { root html; index index.html index.htm; } } |
Use this in the open port 8000 for Nginx when you are at it. After you are satisfied with your configuration, you may head to the next step.
Serve The Static Content
[email protected] ~ % cd /usr/local/var/www
[email protected] ~ % vim index.html
This opens the index.html file in vim, and you can edit it according to your preferences. You may add CSS and modify it. In case you are stuck, feel free to refer to the internet. Make sure your Nginx server is up and working fine. Visit localhost:8080 in your browser.
Serve On The Dark Web As A .Onion Site
Firstly, make sure that you have Tor installed on your system for onion hosting. If it is not there, you have to install Tor following the steps as mentioned above. After this, you can move to the next step.
Configure The Torrc
- Visit the Tor directory. If you are a macOS user, you can find it here:
[email protected] ~ % cd /usr/local/etc/tor
2. If you list the files, you would be able to locate a file in the tor directory named torrc.sample. Now, change the file name to torrc. You can do so by opening the torrc.sample in vim command, : !mv torrc.sample torrc.
3. Now, edit the torrc file utilizing vim torrc.
Add the following lines there:
HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_http_service/
HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:8080
4. Finally, run the service:
[email protected] ~ % tor
You may find out where your site is serving over Tor relay now. The location would be:
[email protected]~% cat/usr/local/etc/tor/hidden_http_service/
You would be able to see a .onion address, where your onion service is live.
How To Make A .Onion Site?
You can make a .onion site using Tor onion hosting very quickly by following the below-mentioned steps:
Web Server Creation
With proper configuration, the Tor’s .onion service can provide you with a .onion domain. The Tor offers strong anonymity that would not be beneficial if your server leaks the personal information, which the advanced users could use for identifying you. Thus, Tor suggests that you bind your server to localhost. When setting up your Tor onion services later, you have to create a virtual port that the visitors can connect to and you do not end up revealing your real IP address.
Additionally, make sure to remove any other information on your server that may identify you, your location or your IP address. You must also remove all references to your server’s data from any error messages which may be sent to the visitors.
Server’s.Onion Services Configuration
For this configuration, you have to open the “torrc” file, which is usually a text file you receive while setting up your Tor browser and before you configure it for the onion hosting. For more detailed steps, you may follow the instructions laid out on the website of Tor, that is the Tor Project.
As your set up gets completed, you need to turn on your Tor browser for generating a public key or domain for your .onion site. After this, you can distribute it and draw people to your website. But you must never share your private key with anyone.
Why Would You Want To Put A Website On Tor?
There are a couple of reasons for which you would want to put a website on Tor or for the Tor hosting sites such as:
- Tor is known for providing anonymity to its users. There are n number of users in the world who crave anonymity for specific reasons. A website on Tor with onion hosting services could help in that.
- Tor supports the prevention of spying and as well as information gathering. This is at times pretty important as the deep web hosting services.
- The Tor service proves to be beneficial for the activists in the authoritarian countries. Premium Tor hidden service is widely used by the social workers and domestic violence victims for avoiding online stalking.
- Tor helps people do activities that they would not be able to do using regular browsers, including some illegal activities.
How Is .Onion Domain Different From An Ordinary Domain?
A .onion domain is referred to as an address of a website that can solely be accessed via the Tor anonymity browser. Regular browsers like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari etc., would not be able to navigate the proxy servers’ relay that would steer the users to your website.
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) issues the ordinary domains such as the .com, .biz, .org and various others. You may know that thousands of different domains are publicly available. But not all of them can be used by everyone, say, for example, .apple. In order to register a domain and a sub-domain, the users have to submit proposals to ICANN. For registering and maintaining a customized domain, there are specific charges associated.
Do I Need An SSL Certificate For Tor Websites?
You do not literally need SSL or TLS certificates in an onion address as the .onion links do not contain HTTPS and they are entirely encrypted tunnels added with PFS or Perfect Forward Secrecy. However, the extra layers in the onion links are good but beware of such that usually redirects to the SSL or TLS, which means that the certificates are invalid. This is due to the fact that the hostname would be .onion. If you manage to get a .onion certificate, it will definitely work.
If your onion service uses TLS, you need to make sure that it does not send an external website certificate.